Reading

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**On Distributed Communications (1964)**

redundancy level

Redundancy level is equivalent to link-to-node ratio in an infinite size array of stations.

hidden alternative command

perfect switching v.s. diversity of assignment

thermonuclear era

These systems are built around a frequency division multiplexing link-to-link interface standard.

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Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet

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**The Dawn of the Stupid Network (1998)**

George Gilder observed more than five years ago, "In a world of dumb terminals and telephones, networks had to be smart. But in a world of smart terminals, networks have to be dumb.”

The bottom line, though, is not the infrastructure; it is the innovation that the Stupid Network unleashes.

People are easily drawn to the value of “intelligence” and the belief that the smarter our creations are, the better they must be. Stupid networks, though seemingly unintelligent, are actually smarter as a whole—they rely on the intelligence of countless endpoints(where users are), rather than on a few centralized intelligence cores.

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Assignment: Traceroute Analysis

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Traceroute Test 1_from 370 Jay Street

• My phone (using T-mobile data)
• Gmail (smtp.gmail.com)
• Youtube (www.youtube.com)
• Instagram (www.instagram.com)
• Amazon (www.amazon.com)
• Manhuaren (a comic site I visited a lot) </aside>

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Traceroute Test 2_from my house

I only re-tested the ones that did finished traceroute, which are Gmail, Youtube, Manhuaren.

• Gmail
• Youtube
• Manhuaren </aside>

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Some interesting organizations that pop out during traceroute

• Zayo: A U.S.-based backbone network provider that operates large-scale fiber infrastructure for ISPs, cloud providers, and data centers.
• RIPE NCC: The regional Internet registry for Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, responsible for allocating IP addresses and AS numbers.
• NYSERNet: A non-profit research and education network that provides high-speed Internet connectivity to universities and research institutions in New York State.
• Gorilla Servers: A U.S.-based data center and hosting company offering dedicated servers and colocation services to global customers. (That’s why a Chinese comic site would be operated on this IP) </aside>

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Questions

• chatGPT: RIPE NCC Appearing in traceroute usually means the IP address is registered under RIPE’s allocation, not that your traffic actually passed through RIPE’s network. (is this true?)

• Why are there sometimes multiple different IPs in one same traceroute step?

• Why can some sites be pinged, but traceroute never reaches them before TTL runs out?

• traceroute error

  traceroute: Warning: www.youtube.com has multiple addresses; using 142.251.40.110
  

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